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John Peckham (or Pecham) (c. 1230 – 8 December 1292) was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292. He was a native of Sussex who was educated at Lewes Priory and became a Friar Minor about 1250. He studied at the University of Paris under Bonaventure, where he would later teach theology. From his teaching, he came into conflict with Thomas Aquinas, whom he debated on two occasions. Known as a conservative theologian, he opposed Aquinas' views on the nature of the soul. Peckham also studied optics and astronomy, and his studies in those subjects were influenced by Roger Bacon. In around 1270, Peckham returned to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford, and was elected the provincial minister of England (Minoriten) in 1275. After a brief stint in Rome, he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1279. His time as archbishop was marked by efforts to improve discipline in the clergy as well as reorganize the estates of his see. Pluralism, or holding more than one clerical benefice, was one of the abuses that Peckham combatted. He served King Edward I of England in Wales, where he formed a low opinion of the Welsh people and laws. Before and during his time as archbishop, he wrote a number of works on optics, philosophy, and theology, as well as writing hymns. Numerous manuscripts of his works survive. On his death, his body was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, but his heart was given to the Franciscans for burial. ==Early life== Peckham came from a humble family, possibly from Patcham in Sussex.〔Moorman ''Church Life'' p. 159〕 He was born about 1230 and was educated at Lewes Priory.〔Thompson "Pecham, John" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 About 1250, he joined the Franciscan order at Oxford. He then went to the University of Paris, where he studied under Bonaventure and became regent master, or official lecturer, in theology.〔〔Leff ''Paris and Oxford Universities'' p. 183〕 While at Paris, he wrote a ''Commentary on Lamentations'', which sets out two possible sermons.〔Douie "Archbishops Pecham's Sermons and Collations" ''Studies in Medieval History'' p. 269〕 For years Peckham taught at Paris, where he was in contact with many of the leading scholars of his time, including Thomas Aquinas.〔Lawrence "Thirteenth Century" ''English Church and the Papacy'' pp. 146–147〕 He famously debated Aquinas on at least two occasions during 1269 and 1270, during which Peckham defended the conservative theological position, and Thomas put forth his views on the soul.〔Knowles ''Evolution of Medieval Thought'' p. 294〕 The Thomist doctrine of the unity of form was condemned after these debates.〔Leff ''Paris and Oxford Universities'' p. 228〕 His theological works later were used by his pupil Roger Marston who in turn inspired Duns Scotus.〔 Peckham also studied other fields, however; and was guided by Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon's views on the value of experimental science.〔Leff ''Paris and Oxford Universities'' p. 288〕 Where Peckham met Bacon is not known, but it would have been at either Paris or Oxford. Bacon's influence can be seen in Peckham's works on optics (the ''Perspectiva communis'') and astronomy.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Peckham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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